枯草芽胞杆菌Y13挥发性物质的分析及抑菌活性

枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis Y13是一株高效广谱的生防菌，对油茶主要病害具有较好的生防效果，试验表明其发酵产生的挥发性物质对油茶炭疽病菌有较好的抑制作用。对菌株Y13产生的挥发性物质进行定性定量分析，并测定其抑菌活性，为油茶病害无公害防治及药剂开发提供理论依据。采用顶空固相微萃取技术（HS-SPME）和气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）收集并分析Y13挥发性物质成分，购买相应挥发性物质纯品，采用双皿倒扣法测定其抑菌活性。Y13挥发性物质对10种植物病原真菌抑菌率在19.2%～83.9%，其中挥发性物质对果生炭疽菌Colletotrichum fructicola的抑菌活性最强，抑菌率达到83.9%；检测其中10种挥发性化合物纯品对果生炭疽菌的抑菌活性发现，除了正十八烷外，其他9种挥发性化合物纯品均具有不同程度的抑菌活性；筛选出的4种高效抑菌挥发性化合物纯品对7种常见的油茶病原真菌的抑菌活性检测结果表明，4种挥发性化合物纯品（10 μL/平板）对7种常见的油茶病原真菌均具有较好的抑菌活性，抑菌活性壬醛 > 苯甲醛 > 3-甲基-4-苯基吡唑 > 苯丙噻唑。Y13挥发性物质对油茶主要病害病原菌有很好的抑制作用，具有一定的研究意义和良好的开发价值。     

杀虫真菌对草地贪夜蛾不同虫态的室内活性

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）是一种联合国粮农组织预警的全球重大害虫。为了评价杀虫真菌对草地贪夜蛾的生防潜力，在室内条件下测定了杀虫真菌金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421、球孢白僵菌ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫、蛹、成虫和卵的杀虫活性以及对卵孵化率、蛹羽化率等影响。结果显示：26℃条件下，菌株CQMa421和ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫具有杀虫活性，接种10 d后对1龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为35.6%和50.5%，但随虫龄增大杀虫活性降低，其中菌株CQMa421对4龄幼虫几乎没有杀虫活性；菌株CQMa421和ZJU435都引起草地贪夜蛾蛹黑化，降低其羽化率50%以上；但对成虫没有杀虫活性，也不影响成虫的产卵；卵接种菌株CQMa421和ZJU435后，孵化率分别为82.8%和90.7%，显著低于空白对照的100%，并极大地降低新孵化幼虫的存活率，分别为20.8%和0.0%，而空白对照为79.4%。结果表明，杀虫真菌CQMa421和ZJU435对草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫、蛹和卵具有杀虫活性，同时降低卵的孵化率、新孵化幼虫存活率和蛹羽化率，对草地贪夜蛾种群控制极具潜力。     

杀虫真菌与苏云金芽胞杆菌对草地贪夜蛾的联合室内杀虫活性研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）是一种迁飞性重大害虫。为了弄清不同微生物联合使用对草地贪夜蛾的生防潜力，在室内条件下采用直接喷雾方法，测定了金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana ZJU435和苏云金芽胞杆菌（Baci1lus thuringiensis，Bt）G033A两两之间对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内联合杀虫活性。结果表明：金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421与球孢白僵菌ZJU435悬浮液联合接种10 d后，1～3龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫校正死亡率分别为65.6%、58.8%和35.4%，都显著高于CQMa421和ZJU435单剂处理组。CQMa421与Bt联合接种5 d后，2龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫校正死亡率为82.6%，显著高于CQMa421（21.1%）和Bt（65.5%）单剂处理；ZJU435与Bt联合接种5 d后，2龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫校正死亡率为80.4%和68.6%，显著高于Bt和ZJU435单剂处理组。上述试验结果表明：不同杀虫真菌联合使用、杀虫真菌与Bt联合使用能有效提高对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的杀虫活性，为田间利用不同微生物农药有效防控草地贪夜蛾提供了依据。     

油菜籽来源抗氧化物质研究进展

油菜籽中含有多种具有抗氧化活性的物质，为抵御机体的氧化损伤起到了积极作用。本文综述了油菜籽来源的诸多抗氧化活性成分及抗氧化活性的评价方法。油菜籽主要的抗氧化成分有肽类、多酚类、多糖类、生育酚和其它抗氧化成分，其中的肽类主要有三种产生方式：非消化酶酶解、消化酶酶解和发酵。针对油菜籽来源的活性物质抗氧化活性的评价方法，包括体外测定方法（化学检测）和细胞内抗氧化实验和动物实验。综述还探讨了油菜籽抗氧化活性成分研究中存在的问题和解决方法，旨在为油菜籽活性成分的开发和利用提供参考。     

Using acoustic telemetry and snorkel surveys to study diel activity and seasonal migration of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in an estuary of the Western Baltic Sea

In just two decades, round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas) has dispersed throughout most of the Baltic and the North American Great Lakes. It thrives in shallow sheltered areas, where it is impacting native fauna. In Denmark, researchers, governmental institutions and fishers have joined in an effort to establish a sustainable round goby fishery. To do so, basic information about the movement of round goby is essential, so the movements of 50 round gobies were tracked using acoustic telemetry. The results revealed that activity took place mainly at night and seasonal migrations were common. The most frequent migration behaviour observed was a seaward return migration during winter, which was further confirmed by a snorkel survey. Tracking data also revealed riverine upstream dispersal. The results demonstrate that the round goby can be mapped using telemetry, and it is suggested that fishing for round goby may improve efficiency by targeting seasonal migration corridors.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget of a Haliotis discus hannai and Apostichopus japonicus polyculture system

The system nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) budget, N/P utilization rate and the physiological response mechanism of the abalone Haliotis discus hannai (body weight: 12.87 ± 0.82 g) and the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (body weight: 10.85 ± 1.16 g) to different co‐culture environment conditions were examined. Animals were kept in a multilayer, cubic recirculating aquaculture system at different polyculture densities (abalones at 400 ind/m²in monoculture [Group C] and abalones at 400 ind/m²with sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² [AS1] or 20 ind/m² [AS2]). Each treatment was replicated four times, and the experimental cycle was 90 days. No significant difference in survival rate of abalones was detected when the stocking density of sea cucumbers increased from 10 to 20 ind/m², but the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the water were significantly higher in AS2 than in AS1. Survival rate, specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight of sea cucumbers and SGR of body weight of abalones were significantly lower in AS2 than in AS1. No significant difference in protease (PES), lipase, amylase and cellulase activities of abalones was identified between Group C and AS1, but the PES and amylase activities of abalones and sea cucumbers in AS1 were significantly higher than those in AS2. In AS1, the N/P output from harvesting of abalones and sea cucumbers and the N/P utilization rates were significantly higher than those in AS2. Although the N/P output from faeces was significantly lower in AS2 than in Group C and AS1, the N/P output from the water layer was significantly higher than that in AS1. The expression levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of both abalones and sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. No significant difference in expression of catalase (CAT) and HSP90of abalones was identified among these groups, but the expression levels of CAT and HSP90of sea cucumbers in AS2 were significantly higher than those in AS1. These results indicate that stocking sea cucumbers at 10 ind/m² in the polyculture system will relieve the organic load on the system and improve the N/P utilization rate. It will also increase aquaculture production and improve the ecological and economic benefits of the system.     

猪粪施用量对红壤旱地理化性质及酶活性的影响

为研究猪粪的合理施用及其对红壤旱地地力提升的效应,利用在第四纪红壤旱地中连续3年分别施用0、7.5、15、30、45 t·hm~(-2)猪粪的小区定位试验,比较不同处理下菠菜和玉米地上部生物量、土壤相关理化性质、碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明:菠菜和玉米地上部生物量、土壤有机质、土壤全量和速效态氮磷钾含量均随猪粪施用量的增加呈线性增加。当猪粪施用量达45 t·hm~(-2)时菠菜、玉米平均地上部生物量分别达到11.48、20.84 t·hm~(-2),土壤有机质和全氮、全磷含量分别达14.6、1.07、0.73 g·kg~(-1),土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别达85.47、106.9、411.7 mg·kg~(-1),但与猪粪施用量为15和30t·hm~(-2)时土壤养分含量的差异不显著,而土壤中与碳氮磷循环相关的6种酶活性则与猪粪施用量呈线性相关,且在施用量为30或45t·hm~(-2)时出现显著差异;6种酶活性与土壤有机质、养分含量间均具有显著或极显著正相关关系。研究结果显示,第四纪红壤旱地在本试验猪粪施用量范围内,土壤有机质和养分含量、酶活性等指标均随施用量的增加而相应提高,作物地上部生物量亦呈线性增加,但同时须注意土壤速效态养分含量过高可能带来的氮磷流失加剧等问题。     

棉花中GhTFL1a和GhTFL1c基因的表达及启动子分析

从陆地棉中克隆了磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白GhTFL1a和GhTFL1c基因,并对该基因进行表达分析、启动子预测和启动子活性研究。利用启动子分析软件PlantCARE预测得出,GhTFL1a启动子区域有脱落酸响应元件、干旱诱导的MYB结合位点和顶芽特异表达响应元件等;GhTFL1c启动子区域有乙烯响应元件、干旱诱导的MYB结合位点和水杨酸响应元件。因此,将pGhTFL1a和pGhTFL1c分别构建到启动子检测载体pBI121-GUS上形成融合表达载体,通过烟草瞬时转化检测得出这2个基因的启动子都具有活性。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明, GhTFL1a和GhTFL1c在光周期处理和不同材料的陆地棉(栽培种和半野生种)中表达模式呈相反趋势。GhTFL1a基因受脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)、水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)和盐胁迫诱导,而GhTFL1c可以响应赤霉素(gibberellin, GA)、SA和ABA胁迫。研究结果初步表明,GhTFL1a和GhTFL1c可能参与了植物逆境胁迫脱落酸和水杨酸响应的调控,为在棉花中进一步阐明其功能奠定了基础。     

不同番茄材料黄化曲叶病毒病抗性评价及抗性基因检测

以15份自育的无限生长型番茄材料为试材，抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒（Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV）品种‘齐达利’和感病品种‘Money Maker’(MM)为对照，采用苗期农杆菌接种法，研究接种黄化曲叶病毒后的病情指数，幼苗叶片防御酶活性的变化，不同基因型番茄材料的抗性水平。结果表明：853、857、867表现为免疫；817、842表现为高抗；805、818、819、820、841表现为中抗；801、802、803、822为感病。853、857、867的防御酶(PAL、PPO、POD)活性在发病初期均达到峰值，且整体高于其他接种材料，其他接种材料酶活性峰值则出现较晚。含抗性基因的接种材料均表现出不同程度的抗性，含有纯合 Ty-1和 Ty-3基因的853、857、867对 TYLCV抗性更高。经综合评价，853、857、867可作为抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的优良番茄材料，817、842可作为备选材料。